Chapter 9: Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context

Q1. What do you understand by Planning?
Ans: Planning involves the process of thinking, formulation of a scheme or programme and implementation of a set of actions to achieve some goal.
Q2. Mention the issues included in the concept of development.
Answer: The issues included in the concept of development are as improving the well-being and living standard of people, availing of health, education and equality of opportunity and ensuring political and civil rights.
Q3. What is meant by “Target area”?
Answer: In order to arrest regional imbalance, schemes and programmes for the development of backward regions of India which needs special attention were introduced in the form of target area.
Q4.Name the two publications associated with sustainable development.
Answer: (i)The Population Bomb’ by Ehrlich in 1968.
(ii) The Limits to Growth’ by Meadows
Q5.What do you mean by regional planning?
Answer: Regional planning means formulation and implementation of schemes or programmes for the development of backward region to reduce regional imbalance in the development.
Q6. What do you mean by sectoral planning?
Answer: Sectoral planning means formulation and implementation of schemes or programmes for the development of various sectors of the economy such as agriculture, irrigation, power, manufacturing, construction, transport, communication, services and social infrastructure
Q7.Give examples of programmes directed towards the development of target area in the country.
Answer:
* Command Area Development Programme
* Drought-prone Area Development Programme
* Desert Development Programme
* Hill Area Development Programme
* The Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA) and Marginal Farmers Development Agency (MFDA).

Q1.What are the positive impacts of irrigation on Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area?
Ans. The introduction of canal irrigation in this dry land has transformed its ecology, economy and society. It has influenced the environmental conditions of the region both positively as well as negatively.
Positive effects:
1. There was transformation in the agricultural region in the economy.
2. The spread of canal irrigation has led to an increase in cultivated area and intensity of cropping.
3. Earlier, only drought resistant crops like Bajra, guar, moong, gram etc. were grown. Now, other crops like cotton, groundnut, wheat, mustard and even rice are grown.
Q2.Define the concept of “Sustainable development”.
Ans. Sustainable development has been defined in many ways, but the most frequently quoted definition is from Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report: “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts:* the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world’s poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and *the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment’s ability to meet present and future needs.”
Q 3. Mention the important features of Drought Prone Area Programmes.
Answer: This programme was initiated during the Fourth Five Year Plan. Irrigation Commission (1972) introduced the criterion of 30 per cent irrigated area and demarcated the drought prone areas.
The objectives of providing employment to the people in drought-prone areas and creating productive assets.
(I)This programmes laid emphasis on the construction of labour intensive civil works.
(II)Irrigation projects, land development programmes, afforestation, grassland development and creation of basic rural infrastructure such as electricity, roads, market, credit and services.
(III)Other strategies include adoption of integrated watershed development approach at micro level. The restoration of ecological balance between water, soil, plants and human population.
Q4.What are the positive and negative influences of Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area Development Programme on the environment of the region?
Answer: The positive and negative, influences of Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area Development Programme are as follows:
Positive:
(i)The availability of soil moisture for a longer period of time and various afforestation and pasture development programmes under CAD have resulted in transformation in agricultural economy.
(ii)Spread of canal irrigation has led to increase in cultivated area and intensity of cropping.
(iii)It has also helped in reducing wind erosion and siltation of canal systems.
(iv)Traditional crops such as gram, bajra and jowar have been replaced by wheat, cotton, groundnut and rice.
(v)Intensive irrigation led to an increase in agricultural and livestock productivity.
Negative:
(i)The intensive irrigation and excessive use of water has led to the emergence of twin environmental problems of waterlogging and soil salinity.
(ii)Soils are getting infertile and thus in the long run agriculture would be affected.
(iii)It has degraded the environment of the region hampering sustainability of agriculture.
Q5. What are the features of Indira Gandhi Canal Command area?
Answer: Indira Gandhi Canal, previously known as Rajasthan Canal, is one of the largest canal systems in India.
* It originates at Harike barrage in Punjab and runs parallel to Pakistan border at an average distance of 40 km in Thar Desert.
* Its total length is 9,060 km.
* It caters to the irrigation needs of a total culturable command area of 19.63 lakh hectares.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q1. Suggest the measures of promotion of sustainability in Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area.
Ans. Following measures are suggested for the promotion of sustainability in Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area:
1. There is an urgent need to strictly implement the water management policy.
2. Water intensive crops should be avoided and instead plantation crops such as Citrus fruits should be encouraged.
3. The CAD programmes such as lining of water courses, land development, and levelling and warabandi system (equal distribution of canal water in the command area of outlet) shall be effectively implemented to reduce the conveyance loss of water.
4. Efforts should be made to reclaim areas affected by water logging and soil salinity.
5. Afforestation, shelter belt plantation and pasture development are necessary for ecodevelopment.
6. For achieving social sustainability, land allotted with poor economic background should be given sufficient financial and institutional support so that they can cultivate their land in a proper way.
7. Other sectors of economy, in addition to agriculture, animal husbandry and allied activities, should be encouraged for attaining economic sustainability
Q2.Write short notes on drought-prone area programme. How does this programme help in the development of dry-land agriculture in India?
Ans. Drought-prone area programme was initiated during the Fourth Five Year Plan. It was designed to provide employment to the rural poor in drought prone areas and to mitigate the effects of droughts. The main emphasis is on integrated development of the area in relation to irrigation projects, land development programmes, afforestation, grassland development, rural electrification and programmes of infrastructure development. In 1967, Planning Commission of India identified 67 districts (entire or partly) of the country prone to drought. In 1972, Irrigation Commission introduced the criterion of 30 per cent irrigated area and demarcated the drought prone areas. Most of the drought-prone areas in India are spread over semi-arid and arid tracts of Rajasthan Gujarat, Western Madhya Pradesh, Marathwada region of Maharashtra, Rayalseema and Telangana plateaus of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka plateau and highlands and interior parts of Tamil Nadu. This programme has played an important role in the development of dry land agriculture in India.
1. This programme was largely confined to the development of agriculture and allied sectors.
2. Emphasises given on the irrigation project in drought prone area programme and land development programme.
3.Integrated Watershed Development approach at micro level is adopted which will help in the storing of water for the irrigation during droughts.
4. There is urgent need to generate alternative employment opportunities in drought prone areas because even the marginal lands are being used for agriculture in view of the increasing pressure of growing population. This is one of the primary causes of ecological degradation. The restoration of ecological balance should be the main objective of development of drought prone areas.
Q3. Which socio-economic benefits are being experienced by implementation of Integrated Tribal Development Project in Bharmaur?
Answer: Two tehsils of Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh, namely Bharmaur and Holi were notified as a tribal area since 21 November, 1975. Bharmaur is inhabited by ‘Gaddi’, a tribal community who have maintained a distinct identity in the Himalayan region as they practise transhumance and conversed through Gaddiali dialect. It is one of the economically and socially backward areas of Himachal Pradesh. Due to implementation of Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP), there have been tremendous socio-economic benefits,
Social Benefits:
(i)The most significant contribution of tribal subplan in Bharmaur region is the development of infrastructure in terms of schools, health care facilities, potable water, roads, communications and electricity.
• Tremendous increase in literacy rate (female literacy increase from 1.9% to 65%)
• Improvement in sex ratio.
• Decline in child marriage.
• Difference between males and females in literacy rate, i.e. gender inequality, has also declined.
Economic Benefits:
(i)The cultivation of pulses and other cash crops has increased in Bharmaur region.
(ii)Now a few people practise transhumance because the importance of pastoralism is gradually declining. (About 1/10 household practises pastoralism)

CASE STUDY/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS
Q1. Read the case/source given and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option.
Q1. Bharmaur tribal area comprises Bharmaur and Holi tehsils of Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. It is a notified tribal area since 21 November 1975. Bharmaur is inhabited by ‘Gaddi’, a tribal community who have maintained a distinct identity in the Himalayan region as they practised transhumance and conversed through Gaddiali dialect. Bharmaur tribal region has harsh climate conditions, low resource base and fragile environment. These factors have influenced the society and Economy of the region. According to the 2011 census, the total population of Bharmaur sub-division was 39,113 i.e., 21 persons per sq km. It is one of the most (economically and socially) backward areas of Himachal Pradesh. Historically, the Gaddis have experienced geographical and political isolation and socio-economic deprivation. The economy is largely based on agriculture and allied activities such as sheep and goat rearing
Q1.1 What was the climatic conditions of Bharmaur?
Ans:Bharmaur has harsh climate conditions, low resource base and fragile environment.
Q1.2 Write the name of main inhabitants of this region.
Ans: A tribal community named “Gaddi”.
Q1.3 What was the main occupation of Gaddis tribal community?
Ans: agriculture and allied activities such as sheep and goat rearing. 
Question Answers: (3 Marks)
 
Q21. Which programes are given in priority for development of Bharmaur Region?
Ans: The programs that are given priority for the development of Bharmaur Region were:
i.          Transport
ii.          Communication
iii.          Agriculture allied activities
iv.          Social Community Services
Q22.Give examples of programmes directed towards the development of target area in the country.
Ans: The economic development also requires technology as well as investment besides the resource. With the planning experience of about one and half decades, it was realized that regional imbalances in economic development were getting accentuated. In order to arrest the accentuation of regional and social disparities, the Planning Commission introduced the „target area‟ and target group approaches to planning. Few examples of target group programme are Command area Development Programme, Drought-prone Area Development Programme, Desert Development Programme, Hill Area Development Programme and The Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA) and Marginal Farmers Development Agency (MFDA) 
Q23. What do you mean by sectoral planning?
Ans: The sectoral planning means formulation and implementation of the sets of schemes or programmes aimed at development of various sectors of the economy such as agriculture, irrigation, manufacturing, power, construction, transport, communication, social infrastructure and services. It is concerned with linear planning and certain infrastructural facilities in various sectors in the economy in particular and in the Society in general.
 
QUESTION AND ANSWERS (5 Marks)
Q24. What changes have been brought in western Rajasthan due to the Indira Gandhi Canal? Command area Development Programme?
ANS-
1.     The Command area Development Programme is an integrated area development approach towards the command areas of major and medium irrigation projects in the country.
2.     Aimed at bridging the gap between created irrigation potential and its utilisation.
3.     Agricultural development.- Agriculture is possible in fertile areas. Irrigation will help in cultivation of wheat, sugarcane, etc. It will overcome problem of famines.
4.     Farm development includes surveying and planning water course lining, land levelling, shaping and reclamation of degraded lands.
5.     Industrial development. About 1200 cusecs water will be supplied to agro-based industries.
6.     Irrigation. On its completion, the canal will be able to irrigate 14 Lakh hectares of land.
7.     Implementation of this programme has helped in bringing the land under irrigation rapidly, increase in water-use efficiency, agricultural production and productivity.
Q25. Suggest the measures of promotion of sustainability in Indira Gandhi Canal Command area.
ANS:
1.     There is an urgent need to strictly implement the water management policy.
2.     Water intensive crops should be avoided and instead plantation crops such as Citrus fruits should be encouraged.
3.     The Command area Development programmes such as lining of water courses, land development, and levelling and warabandi system (equal distribution of canal water in the command area of outlet) shall be effectively implemented to reduce the conveyance loss of water.
4.     Efforts should be made to reclaim areas affected by water logging and soil salinity.
5.     Afforestation, shelter belt plantation and pasture development are necessary for eco- development.
6.     For achieving social sustainability, land allotted with poor economic background should be given sufficient financial and institutional support so that they can cultivate their land in a proper way.
7.     Other sectors of economy, in addition to agriculture, animal husbandry and allied activities, should be encouraged for attaining economic sustainability.
Q26. What is target area planning? Why It is necessary in India? Give any four examples of target area planning in India.
Ans: Target area planning means making schemes for the development of backward regions of India. This type of planning is necessary in India because regional imbalances in economic development are getting serious.
Examples of target area planning area:
1.     Command area Development Programme
2.     Drought Prone Area Development Programme
3.     Desert Development Programme
4.     Hill area Development Programme
Q27.What is the positive and negative influence of Indira Gandhi Canal Irrigation on the ecology, economy and society of Rajasthan?
Ans: The introduction of Indira Gandhi Canal irrigation in this dry land of Rajasthan has transformed its ecology, economy, and society.
Positive influences:
i.          The availability of soil moisture and various afforestation and pasture development programs have resulted in greening the land. The spread of canal irrigation has led to an increase in cultivated area and intensity of cropping.
ii.            This has also helped in reducing wind erosion and siltation of canal systems.
iii.          The traditional crops are sown in the area, gram, bajra, jowar have been replaced by wheat, cotton, groundnut& rice.
Negative influences:
iv.        The intensive irrigation and excessive use of water have led to the emergence of environmental problems of waterlogging and soil salinity.
v.            In the long run, it hampers the sustainability of agriculture.
Q28. Hill Area Development Programmes in India were drawn keeping in view their topographical ecological, social and economic conditions. Support this statement with suitable explanation.
Ans: The "Hill Area Development Programmes" in India was launched by the Planning Commission and was drawn keeping in view their topographical, ecological, social and economic conditions in the following ways:
i.          The development programme for "HADP" in areas like Assam is a comprehensive one, covering areas such as land reclamation, checking soil erosion, scientific water management, flood control afforestation, rehabilitation of shifting cultivators and development of minor irrigation.
ii.          The "HADP" also aims to generate employment through allied activities (horticulture, fishing and animal husbandry etc.)
iii.          The infrastructural development is also of the main objectives-like transport, education, electricity and agricultural inputs.
iv.          Review of the forest, exercise policies and improvement as well as conservation, of environment

·     3 Marks Questions:
Q6. Explain the main aims of Bharmaur Tribal Area Development plan. (Delhi 2014)
Q7. How has the introduction of Indira Gandhi canal irrigation in the drylands of Rajasthan influenced the environmental conditions of the region positively? Explain in any three points. (HOTS; All India 2012)
Q8. Write in brief about the physical setting of Bharmaur region. (Delhi 2008)
·     5 Marks Questions:
Q9. Development is a multi-dimensional concept and signifies the positive, irreversible transformation of the economy, society and environment. Support the statement with suitable arguments from India. (HOTS; Delhi 2010)
Q10. “Hill Area Development Programmes in India were drawn keeping in view their
topographical ecological, social and economic conditions”. Support this statement with a suitable explanation. (HOTS; All India 2010)
Q11. Explain any five measures necessary for the promotion of sustainable development in 'Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area'. (All India 2009)
OR
Describe any five measures needed for the promotion of sustainable development in the 'Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area'. (Delhi 2008)
Q12. Describe five main points of the integrated tribal development project implemented in  Bharmaur region. (All India 2008)
Q13. Give a brief account of the two stages of the Indira Gandhi Canal Project. (All India  2008)
Q14. How would you define ecological, social and economic sustainability's? Explain in brief. (All Indio 2008)
Q15. Suppose you have given the power to modify the planning process. How would you use this power wisely and what would be your plan? Explain with reason.(HOTS All India 2008)
Q16. Explain in brief the meaning and purpose of Target Area Programme with suitable examples from India. (All India 2008)
·     Value Based Questions:
Q17. Hill Area Development Programmes in India were drawn keeping in view their
topographical, ecological, social and economic conditions.” Give the values which lead to the development of the hill area.
Q18. “Development is a multi-dimensional corrupt and signifies the pasties, irreversible transformation of the economy, society and environment.” Which value lead to development?

Q1. What is TAP?
Q2. What are the main objectives of HADP?
Q3. What are the main objectives of DPAP?
Q4. What is ITDP? What were the effects of ITDP in Bharmour region of Himachal Pradesh?
Q5. What is sustainable development? Explain the role of Indira Gandhi Canal for promotion of sustainable development.
Q6. What are the steps may be taken for promotion of sustainable development?
Q7. Explain different types of irrigation system developed in Indira Gandhi Canal area.
Q8. "There is a need to create an alternative employment opportunity in drought prone area" - Why?