Chapter 7: Mineral and Energy Resources
Short Type Question (3 marks questions)
Q. Explain the
signification of bio-energy to humankind in India.
Ans:
·
Bio- energy is non-conventional source of energy,
which is renewable in nature;
·
Rural areas of India rich in bio
waste (cow dung, and agricultural residual, etc.) so it is sustainable for the rural areas.
·
It can contribute to improving
economic life of rural areas by making them self- sustained.
Q. Explain any
three methods of conservation of minerals resources in India.
Ans:
·
Use of scrap is specially
significant in metals like copper, lead and zinc in which India's
reserves are meagre.
·
Use of
substitutes for scarce metals may also reduce their consumption.
·
Export of strategic and scarce
minerals must be reduced, so that the existing reserve may be used for
a longer period.
·
The alternative energy sources like
solar power, wind, wave, geothermal energy are
inexhaustible resource.
Q. Give two advantages of „copper‟. Mention
four copper mining
areas of India.
Ans: Advantage:
·
Copper is an indispensable
metal in the electrical industry for making wires, electric motors, transformers and generators.
·
It is alloyable, malleable
and ductile.
Four Copper mining areas of India:
·
Singhbhum district
in Jharkhand,
·
Balaghat district in Madhya Pradesh
·
Jhunjhunu and Alwar districts in Rajasthan.
·
Agnigundala in Guntur District
(Andhra Pradesh).
Q. Give one advantages of „mica‟. Explain
the distribution of mica in India.
Ans:
Advantage:
·
Mica is mainly used in the electrical and electronic industries.
Distribution of mica
in India:
·
In Jharkhand, high quality
mica is obtained
Hazaribagh plateau.
·
In Andhra Pradesh, Nellore
district produces the best quality
mica.
·
Rajasthan, mica belt
from Jaipur to Bhilwara and around Udaipur.
·
Mica deposits also occur in Mysuru and Hasan
districts of Karanataka.
Q. Explain any three characteristics of conventional source of energy.
Ans:
·
Most of non-conventional sources of
energy are environmental pollutant (excluding
natural gas & hydroelectricity)
·
This source of energy is non- renewable and exactable.
·
They are available in limited quantity and unevenly distributed.
Q. Describe the uneven distribution of mineral ane energy resources
in India by giving suitable examples.
Ans:
·
India is a rich country in terms of minerals. Most of the metallic
minerals occur in the Peninsular Plateau region in the old crystalline rocks.
·
River valleys of Damodar, Sone,
Mahanadi, and Godavari have over 97% of coal reserves in India.
·
Sedimentary basins of Assam and
off-shore region in the Arabian Sea (Gujarat and Mumbai High) are famous for their crude petroleum reserves.
LONG TYPE QUESTION (5 Marks Questions)
Q. “The
non-conventional source of energy in India will provide more sustained and environment friendly energy‟.
Examine the statement.
Ans: The above statement is reflecting the needs of non-
conventional source of energy for the sustainable and environmental friendly world.
·
Initial cost of installation is
high but in long run it is cheaper than the conventional source of energy.
·
They does
not emit smoke or pollution, hence they are environmental friendly.
·
They are renewable and non- exhaustible source of energy.
·
They are locally available in rural
areas of India, which make them more suitable and self-reliance.
·
The non- conventional source
of energy are solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy are almost homogeneously distributed.
Q. Define minerals. Explain
two features of the three mineral belts of India.
Ans:
A mineral is a natural substance of organic or
inorganic origin with definite chemical and
physical properties.
Two Features of three
mineral belts of India:
·
The North-Eastern Plateau
Region:
i.
This belt covers Chhotanagpur
(Jharkhand), Odisha Plateau, West Bengal and parts of Chhattisgarh.
ii. It has variety
of minerals viz. iron ore coal, manganese, bauxite, mica.
·
The South-Western Plateau
Region:
i.
This belt extends over Karnataka, Goa and contiguous Tamil Nadu uplands and Kerala.
ii.
This belt is rich in ferrous metals and bauxite.
·
The North-Western Region:
i. This belt extends along
Aravali in Rajasthan and part of Gujarat and minerals are associated with Dharwar system of
rocks.
ii. Copper, zinc have been major
minerals.
Q. Define non- conventional source of energy. Explain any two
features of solar energy and wind energy. 5
Ans: Non-conventional sources of energy,
often known as renewable sources of energy,
are energy sources
that are continually renewed by natural processes.
Features of solar
energy:
·
Sun rays tapped in photovoltaic cells
can be converted into energy,
known as solar energy.
·
Solar thermal technology has some
relative advantages over all other non-renewable energy sources.
·
It is
cost competitive, environment friendly and easy
to construct.
Features of Wind Energy:
·
Wind energy is absolutely pollution free, inexhaustible source of energy.
·
The kinetic energy
of wind, through turbines is converted into electrical energy.
·
In Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra
and Karnataka, favourable conditions for wind
energy exist.
Q. What is the use of
manganese? Describe the distribution of manganese in India.
Ans:
Uses of Maganese:
·
Manganese is an important raw material for smelting of iron ore.
·
It also used for manufacturing ferro alloys.
Distribution of manganese.
·
Odisha is the leading producer
of Manganese. Major mines in Odisha are Bonai, Kendujhar, Sundergarh, Gangpur, Koraput, Kalahandi and Bolangir.
·
Karnataka is another major
producer and here the mines are located in Dharwar, Ballari, Belagavi, North Canara, Chikkmagaluru, Shivamogga, Chitradurg and Tumakuru.
·
Maharashtra is also an
important producer of manganese, which is mined in Nagpur, Bhandara
and Ratnagiri districts.
·
The manganese belt of Madhya
Pradesh extends in a belt in Balaghat-Chhindwara-Nimar- Mandla and Jhabua districts.
LONG TYPE QUESTIONS (5 Marks)
1.
“The non-conventional
sources of energy will provide more sustained, eco-friendly and cheaper
energy, if the initial cost is taken care of.” Examine the statement. (2018)
2.
What
is bio-energy? State four advantages of bio-energy. (2013)
3.
Nuclear energy is
replacing the conventional source in India. Do you think this is a viable energy source of energy in future
keeping in the view the availability of nuclear minerals of India? (2020)
1. Which are the prospective areas of natural gases in India?
Answer: Natural gas is obtained along with oil in all the oil fields but exclusive reserves have been located along the eastern coast as well as (Tamil Nadu, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh), Tripura, Rajasthan and off-shore wells in Gujarat and Maharashtra.
2. List the major nuclear power stations along with the states.
Answer: The important nuclear power projects are Tarapur (Maharashtra), Rawatbhata near Kota (Rajasthan), Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu), Narora (Uttar Pradesh), Kaiga (Karnataka) and Kakarapara (Gujarat).
3. What are the advantages of solar energy?
Answer: Solar thermal technology has some relative advantages over all other nonrenewable energy sources. It is cost competitive, environment friendly and easy to construct. Solar energy is 7 per cent more effective than coal or oil based plants and 10 per cent more effective than nuclear plants. It is generally used more in appliances like heaters, crop dryers, cookers, etc. The western part of India has greater potential for the development of solar energy in Gujarat and Rajasthan.
4. How is geothermal energy tapped? OR What is the source of geothermal energy?
Answer: When the magma from the interior of earth, comes out on the surface, tremendous heat is released. This heat energy can successfully be tapped and converted to electrical energy. Apart from this, the hot water that gushes out through the geyser wells is also used in the generation of thermal energy. It is popularly known as Geothermal energy. This energy is now considered to be one of the key energy sources which can be developed as an alternate source. The hot springs and geysers are being used since medieval period.
5. Name the agencies involved in exploration of minerals.
Answer: Geological Survey of India (GSI), Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC), Mineral Exploration Corporation Ltd. (MECL), National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC), Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM), Bharat Gold Mines Ltd. (BGML), Hindustan Copper Ltd. (HCL), National Aluminium Company Ltd. (NALCO) and the Departments of Mining and Geology undertake systematic surveying, prospecting and exploration for minerals in various states.
6. Where are majority of petroleum reserves found?
Answer: Petroleum reserves are located in the sedimentary basins of Assam, Gujarat and Mumbai High, i.e. off-shore region in the Arabian Sea. New reserves have been located in the Krishna-Godavari and Kaveri basins.
7. Write the uses of petroleum.
Answer: Uses of petroleum are as follows: Essential source of energy for all internal combustion engines in automobiles, railways and aircrafts. By-products are processed in petrochemical industries such as fertilisers, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibre, medicines, vaseline, lubricants wax, soap and cosmetic.
8. Give the distribution of petroleum reserves in India.
Answer: Crude petroleum occurs in sedimentary rocks of the tertiary period. Before 1956, Digboi in Assam was the only oil producing region. But now in Assam, Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran are important. Oilfields of Gujarat are Ankleshwar, Mehsana, etc. Mumbai High which lies 160 km off Mumbai was discovered in 1973. Natural gas have been found in exploratory wells in Krishna-Godavari and Kaveri basin on the east coast.
9. Name the important belts of mineral reserves in India.
Answer: Minerals are generally concentrated in three broad belts in India. The North-Eastern Plateau Region: Chotanagpur (Jharkhand), Odisha Plateau, West Bengal and parts of Chhattisgarh. The South-Western Plateau Region: Karnataka, Goa and contiguous Tamil Nadu uplands and Kerala. The North-Western Region: Aravali in Rajasthan and part of Gujarat
10. Write the uses and distribution of mica.
Answer: Uses: Di-electric property Voltage resistant distribution Distribution: Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan followed by Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, M.P. and Nellore district have the best quality mica.
11. What is bio-energy? State four advantages of bio-energy.
Ans. Bio-energy refers to energy derived from biological products which includes agricultural residues, along with municipal, industrial and other works.
Advantages:
(i) It is a potential source of energy conversion.
(ii) It can be converted into electrical energy, heat energy or gas for cooking.
(iii) It can process waste to produce energy.
(iv) It reduces environmental pollution.
12. Distinguish between Ferrous and Non-ferrous minerals.
Ans: Ferrous Minerals Non-Ferrous Minerals
1. The metallic minerals which contain iron content are called ferrous minerals (Fe).
2. Iron, Manganese, Chromites, Cobalt, etc. Are Ferrous minerals.
3. These are used in Iron and Steel industry.
Some minerals are used as alloys in making different types of steel
1. The minerals which do not contain iron (ferrous) content are called nonferrous minerals.
2. Copper. Lead, Zinc, Aluminium is non ferrous minerals.
3. Each mineral has its particular utility.
Some minerals are valuable according to their uses.
13. Distinguish between Metallic and Non-metallic minerals. Or Classify minerals on the basis of chemical and physical properties.
Ans.
| Metallic Minerals | Non-metallic minerals |
|---|---|
| Metallic minerals are those minerals which obtain new products. | Non-metallic minerals are those which do not can be melted to yield new products on melting |
| Iron, Copper, Bauxite, Tin, and Manganese are some examples | Coal, Salt, Clay, and Marble are some examples. |
| These are generally associated with Sedimentary and Igneous rocks. | These are generally associated with rocks. |
| These can be reused after melting | These cannot be used after melting |
Q. 14. Distinguish between Rock and Mineral ore.
Ans.
| Rocks | Mineral ores |
|---|---|
| A rocks a natural Solid material forming the earth crusts. | A mineral is a natural inorganic compound found in the rocks. |
| A rock is an aggregate of minerals such as granite, marble, etc. | Some rocks contain and only one mineral and are called mineral ores such as iron ore. |
| A rock does not have a definite chemical com position | It has definite chemical.al composition |
| Rock are mainly of three types Igneous, Sedimentary Metamorphic. | There are about 2000 types of minerals. |
14. “The non-conventional sources of energy will provide more sustained, eco-friendly and cheaper energy, if the initial cost is take care of.” Examine the statement.
Ans. Today non-conventional sources of energy include wind, tides, geothermal heat, biogas, farm and animal waste including human excreta. All these sources are renewable and inexhaustible. They are inexpensive in nature. These are pollution free. These help in decentralisation of industries. Energy can be developed in rural area. These can be developed and maintained at low costs. Due to acute shortage of conventional sources of energy, it has become necessary to explore the possibilities of using non-conventional sources of energy. These resources are more equitably distributed and environmental-friendly. These will provide more sustainable, eco- friendly and cheaper energies.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Why is conservation of resources essential? Suggest steps to conserve minerals.
Answer: In order to achieve economic development with least environmental impact, the goals of sustainable development must be kept in mind in order to protect the future generations. There is an urgent need to conserve the resources. The alternative energy sources like solar power, wind, wave, geothermal energy are inexhaustible resource. These should be developed to replace the exhaustible resources. In case of metallic minerals, use of scrap metals will enable recycling of metals. Use of scrap is specially significant in metals like copper, lead and zinc in which India’s reserves are meagre. Use of substitutes for scarce metals may also reduce their consumption. Export of strategic and scarce minerals must be reduced, so that the existing reserve may be used for a longer period.
2. Describe the development of nuclear energy in India and challenges in its growth.
Answer: Nuclear energy has emerged as a viable source in recent times. Important minerals used for the generation of nuclear energy are uranium and thorium. Uranium deposits occur in the Dharwar rocks. These are known to occur in several locations along the Singbhum Copper belt. It is also found in Udaipur, Alwar and Jhunjhunu districts of Rajasthan, Durg district of Chhattisgarh, Bhandara district of Maharashtra and Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh. Thorium is mainly obtained from monazite and lignite in the sands of beach along the coasts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. World’s richest monazite deposits occur in Palakkad and Kollam districts ofKerala, near Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh and Mahanadi river delta in Odisha.
3. Write a note on the three belts of mineral distribution.
Answer: Minerals are generally concentrated in three broad belts in India. These belts are:
The North-Eastern Plateau Region: This belt covers Chhotanagpur (Jharkhand), Odisha Plateau, West Bengal and parts of Chhattisgarh. It has variety of minerals—iron ore, coal, manganese, bauxite, mica.
The South-Western Plateau Region: This belt extends from Karnataka, Goa and contiguous Tamil Nadu uplands and Kerala. It is rich in ferrous metals and bauxite. It also contains high grade iron ore, manganese and limestone. This belt lacks in coal deposits except Neyveli lignite. Kerala has deposits of monazite and thorium, bauxite clay. Goa has iron ore deposits.
The North-Western Region: This belt extends along Aravali in Rajasthan and part of Gujarat and minerals are associated with Dharwar system of rocks. Copper, zinc have been major minerals. Rajasthan is rich in building stones i.e. sandstone, granite, marble. Gypsum and Fuller’s earth deposits are also extensive. Dolomite and limestone provide raw materials for cement industiy. Gujarat is known for its petroleum deposits. Gujarat and Rajasthan have rich sources of salt. The Himalayan belt: It is another mineral belt where copper, lead, zinc, cobalt and tungsten are known to occur. Assam valley has mineral oil deposits. Oil resources are also found in off-shore- areas near Mumbai Coast (Mumbai High).
4 Distinguish between conventional & non-conventional sources of energy.
Answer:
| Conventional | Non-conventional |
|---|---|
| This energy is in use for a long period of time. | These sources have been recently introduced on a commercial scale. |
| Fossil fuel sources, such as coal, petroleum, natural gas and nuclear energy are the main sources. | Solar, wind, hydro, geothermal and biomass are the main sources. |
| These are exhaustible raw materials | These are sustainable energy resources which are inexhaustible sources of energy. |
| These are concentrated in particular locations and are limited. | These energy sources are more equitably distributed and are abundant in nature. |
| These sources cause pollution and harm the environment. | They are environmental friendly. They provide more sustained, eco-friendly cheaper energy after the initial cost is taken care of. |
| Both the construction and running cost is high. | Initial cost is high but the running cost is low. |
