People as Resource
Choose the correct answer M C Q
1 Which of the following is the most labour absorbing sectors of the Indian economy?
(a) Primary sector
(b) tertiary sector
(c) Secondary sector
(d) Private sector
Answer: (a) Primary sector
2 Which of the following is included in the primary sector?
(a) Manufacturing
(b) Tourism
(c) Forestry
(d) Communication
Answer: (c) Forestry.
3 Which of the following is included in the tertiary sector?
(a) Fishing
(b) Trade
(c) Mining
(d) Health
Answer: (d) Health
4 Which of the following is included in the secondary sector?
(a) Poultry farming
(b) Manufacturing
(c) Transport
(d) Quarrying
Answer: (b) Manufacturing
5 Investment in human capital can be made through
(a) Education
(b) Training
(c) Medical care
(d) All the three
Answer: (d) All the three
6 The literacy rate during 2010-11 was
(a) 64%
(b) 74%
(c) 70%
(d) 80%
Answer: (b) 74%
7 Which of the following sectors faces the problem of seasonal unemployment?
(a) Agriculture
(b) Service sector
(c) Trade
(d) IT sector
Answer: (a) Agriculture
8 Infant mortality rate is the death of a child under
(a) One year
(b) Three, year
(c) Two year
(d) Four year
Answer: (a) One year
.
9 The workforce population includes people from 15 years to
(a) 59 years
(b) 62 years
(c) 60 years
(d) 65 years
Ans (c) 60
10Which age group of children does the Sarva Siksha Abhiyan aim to promote education?
(a) 6 to 10 years
(b) 5 to 3 years
(c) 6 to 14 years
(d) 7 to 12 years
Answer: (c) 6 to 14 years
Very Short Questions
1 What do you mean by ―Birth Rate?
Ans: Birth rate is the number of babies born for every 1,000 people during a
particular period of time.
2 When we refer to a person as a ‗resource‘, we are referring to which of his/her skills?
Ans: When a person is referred to as a resource, it refers to that person‘s productive skills and
abilities.
3 What is the main purpose of mid-day meal scheme?
Ans: Mid-day need scheme has been implemented to encourage attendance and retention of
children and improve their nutritional status.
4 What is the reason behind the development of vocational streams?
Ans: Vocational streams have been enveloped to equip large number of high school students
with occupations related to knowledge and skills.
5 Which sector of the Indian economy absorbs the maximum labour?
Ans: Agriculture is the most labour-absorbing sector of the economy.
6 What do you understand by the term ―Sarva Siksha Abhiyan?
Ans: Sarva Siksha Abhiyan is a flagship programme of Government of India that aims to
provide elementary education to all children in the age group of 6 to 14 years.
7 What is the name of the school set in each district by the government for the talented
students of a rural area?
Ans: Navodaya Vidyalaya.
8 What is the current literacy rate of India, according to Census of 2011?
Ans: According to Census of 2011, the literacy rate of India is 74 per cent.
Short Questions
1 What is the main difference between ‗Human Capital‘ and ‗Human Capital Formation‘?
Ans: Human Capital: Population becomes human capital when there is investment made in
the form of education, training and health care.
Human Capital Formation: When the existing ‗human resource‘ or ‗human capital‘ is further
developed by becoming more educated and healthy, it is known as human capital formation..
2 List the demerits of increase in population.
Ans: The demerits of population increase are :
- The per capita income drops.
- Non-productive force increases.
- The people below poverty line increases.
- Resources like land, factories or other tools and machinery are divided into more persons so profit becomes divided.
- Slums come up.
- Unemployment increases.
3 What is the importance of education.:
Ans: the importance of education is as follows:
- It helps a person to realize his potential and the ability to do work.
- It provides new aspiration. It develops values of life. It contributes towards the growth of society also.
- It enhances the national income, cultural richness and increases the efficiency of governance.
Long Question
1 List down the disadvantages of unemployment.
Ans: the disadvantages of unemployment are:
- It leads to wastage of manpower resource. People who are an asset for the economy, turn into liability Inability of educated people who are willing to work to find gainful employment implies a great waste.
- Unemployment is a social evil. Unemployed people are frustrated class. There is a feeling of helplessness and despair among the youth. Unemployment creates social unrest and tension. It leads to oppression and exploitation in the society.
- It tends to increase economic overload. The dependence of the unemployed on the working population increases.
2 Distinguish between market activities and non-market activities.
Or
What are the two types of economic activity? Explain.
- Ans: Market Activities: Market activities involve remuneration to anyone who performs, i.e., activity performed for pay or profit. These include production of goods or services including government service.
- Non-market Activities: Non-market activities are the production for self-consumption. These can be consumption and processing of primary product and own account production of fixed assets.
3 Suggest any three ways to transform population load into an asset.
Ans: the three ways to transform population load into an asset are:
- To improve literacy rate: Education provides new aspiration and develops values of life. Education helps in enhancing the national income, cultural richness and increases the efficiency of governance.
- Health: The health of a person helps him to realize his potential and the ability to fight illness. Increase in longevity of life in an indicator of good quality of life marked by self-confidence. It involves the protection of children from infection, ensuring nutrition and along with mother and the child and child care.
- Formation of skills: Providing vocational and skill-based education helps the people to get employment and therefore, they contribute to the national income later.
4 What is the nature of unemployment in India?
Ans: In India, unemployment is widespread. Unemployment is found both in its rural and
urban areas. There is seasonal and disguised unemployment in its rural areas. People here are
dependent on agriculture. Certain months do not provide much work to the people dependent
upon agriculture.
In urban areas, educated unemployment has become a serious problem. Many educated
youths are not able to find jobs. Unemployment among graduates and post-graduates has
increased faster than among the matriculates.
Question: Why are the peoples considered as resources.
Answer: People or human beings plays dual role in resource creation. Here people as resources including the working population of a country. These peoples are productive in nature due to their skill or knowledge. Peoples are able to create new resources by using their knowledge. Whatever materials used for human beings are known as resources. On the other hand, peoples knowledge, skill, technology are resources. Therefore people are resources.
Question: What are the means of investments for people as resources or human resources?
Answer: There are so many things as investments for people as resources. For example medical facilities, educational facilities, training, etc. are investments for human resources. Here for developing people’s skill, knowledge or technological knowledge education, health facilities etc. are most important.
Question: “In spite of insufficient resources in Japan, they developed their country” – How?
Answer: Countries like Japan did not have sufficient natural resources. But, they developed their human resources by providing higher educational opportunity, good health facilities etc. Japan generally imports several natural resources from other countries and they use available resources in their country including knowledge or skills. In this way Japan developed their nation without sufficient natural resources.
Question: What are the factors affecting the qualities of the people?
Answer: There are so many factors affecting the qualities of the people. These are as follows –
- Education: This is the key element of increasing quality of the people. People can achieve knowledge through education and they can be the part of the national development. Without education no one can increase the quality of the people.
- Health: We know that health is knowledge and health facilities increase the ability of the people. Because people as resources may be possible when healthy people create some things for the development of the nation. This health facility depends on the government policy on health, number of hospitals or health centers etc.
- Unemployment: This is also another factor affecting the quality of the people. Because of unemployment human resources gradually destroyed in a nation. Un-employment depends on the government policy, technological development of that nation, quality of education etc.
Human Resource
(i) People as resource is a way of referring to a country‘s working people, in terms of their existing productive skills and abilities.
(ii) When the existing ‗human resource‘ is further developed by becoming more educated and healthy, we call it human capital formation. It adds to the productive power of the country.
(iii) Investment in human capital (through education, training, medical care) yields a investment in physical capital.
(iv) Human capital is in one way superior to other resources like land and physical capital because human resource can make use of land and capital.
(v) Land and capital cannot become useful on their own.
(vi) For many decades in India, a large population has been considered a liability rather than an asset.
(vii) A large population can be turned into a productive asset by investment in human capital i.e., by spending resources on education and health for all.
- Economic Activities by Men and Women
Various economic activities have been classified into 3 sectors i.e., primary, secondary and tertiary.
(i) Primary Sector Primary sector includes agriculture forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry farming and mining.
(ii) Secondary Sector Manufacturing and construction are included in the secondary sector.
(iii) Tertiary Sector Trade, transport, communication, banking, education health, tourism services, insurance etc are included in the tertiary sector.
- Defining Economic Activities
Economic activities also called market activities are those activities in which income is got in return for the work done.
(i) Market Activities These involve remuneration to anyone who performs the activity, i.e., activity performed for pay or profit. These include production of goods and services and also includes government service.
(ii) Non Market Activities Non market activities production for self consumption. These can be consumption and processing of primary products and own account production of fixed assets.
- Division of Labour Between Men and Women
(i) Due to historical and cultural reasons, there is a division of labour between men and women in the family.
(ii) Women generally look after domestic work and men work in the fields. The women who work in the homes are not paid anything, while the men who work outside the homes earn wages.
(iii) Women get paid for their work only when they enter the labour market.
(iv) The earnings of women are determined on the basis of skill and education.
(v) Education and skill are the major determinants of the earning of any individual in the market.
(vi) Women have very less education and low skill formation and are paid lower compared to men.
- Quality of Population
(i) The quality of population depends upon the literacy rate ,health and skill formation.
(ii) Health of a person is indicated by life expectancy.
(iii) The quality of the population decides the growth rate of the country.
(iv) Illiterate and unhealthy population are a liability for the country.
- Education
(i) Advantages
(a) Education contributes towards the growth of society. It enhances the national income, cultural richness and the efficiency of governance; it helps to get jobs and increase income.
(b) Literacy rates have increased from 18% in 1951 to 65% in 2001.
(c) Literacy among males is nearly 50% higher than females and is about 50% higher in urban areas compared to rural areas.
(ii) Steps to Spread Education
(a) Sarva Siksha Abhiyan is a significant step towards providing elementary education to all children in the age group of 6 to 14 years by 2010.
(b) Midday Meal scheme has been implemented in schools to encourage attendance and retention of children and improve them.
- Health
(i) The health of a person helps him to realise his potential and the ability to fight illness.
(ii) An unhealthy person becomes a liability for an organisation. Health is an indispensable basis for realising one‘s well being.
(iii) The National Health Policy too, aims at improving the accessibility of health care, family welfare and nutritional services especially for the weaker and the underprivileged sections of society.
- Unemployment
It is said to exist when people who are willing to work at the going wages cannot find jobs.
(a) Seasonal unemployment: Seasonal unemployment happens when people are not able to find jobs during some months of the year due to seasonal nature of the work.
(b) Disguised Unemployment : In the case of disguised unemployment, people appear to be employed but they are not working to their full potential. A family of 8 persons are working on a farm whereas the work requires the service of 5 people only. The remaining 3 persons are extra though they are working on the farm They are said to be disguisedly unemployed.
(c) Educated Unemployment: In case of urban areas educated unemployment has become a common feature.