Secondary Activities
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)
1. Differentiate between agro-based industries and mineral-based industries in the world. (2019)
Answer:-
| Agro-Based Industry | Mineral-Based Industry |
|---|---|
| Agro-based industries use plant and animal-based products as their raw materials. | These types of industries depend on minerals as their raw material. |
| Agro-based industries don’t require huge capital. | Mineral industries require a large investment. |
| Mainly it is a source of employment for the people living in the rural area. | It provides unemployment opportunities to the people living in both rural and urban area. |
| Some examples include Food processing, dairy products, vegetable oil, and cotton textile. | Some examples include Iron Industries and Heavy Machinery industries. |
Answer:-
| Mineral-Based Industry | Chemical-Based Industry |
|---|---|
| These industries use minerals as raw materials. | These industries use natural chemicals as raw materials. |
| Both metallic (Ferrous & Non-ferrous) and non-metallic minerals are used. | Salt, Sulphur, Wood, Coal, Potash etc are the main chemical used |
| e.g. Iron & Steel Industry, Aluminium Industry etc. | e.g. Plastic Industry, Pharma Industry etc. |
Answer:-
- Agro-based industries use plant and animal-based products as their
raw materials.
- Agro-based industries don’t require huge capital.
- Mainly it is a source of employment for the people living
in the rural area.
- Some examples include Food processing, dairy products, vegetable oil, and cotton textile.
Answer:-
Technological innovations through research and development strategies are an important aspect of modern manufacturing
for quality control, eliminating waste and inefficiency and combating pollution. Three aspects in this regard are as under:
·
Complex machine technology is needed so that high quality goods are produced at less time.
·
It
requires vast capital so that machines with the latest technology can be used in manufacturing.
·
Extreme specialisation and division
of labour is required, that can work efficiently on the machines.
5.
What are “Technopoles”?
Explain.
Answer:-
A “Technopole”is planned development
within a concentrated area for technology innovative,
industry related production. Technopoles include science or technology parks, science cities and other high-tech
industrial complexes. e.g. Silicon Valley near
San Francisco.
LONG ANSWER
QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)
1.
Explain any five characteristics of „high tech industry‟ in the world.(2019) OR
2. Discuss the major trends
of modern industrial activities especially in the developed countries of the world. (2017 F)
OR
3. “High technology, or simply high-tech, is the latest generation of manufacturing activities”. Justify the statement
with suitable arguments. (2019 Comp.)
Answer:- High technology or high-tech is the latest generation of industries which has grown at a rapid
pace during the last few decades. The following features are as
follows:-
- High-Tech industries require great deal of scientific research and development (R&D) and produce highly sophisticated products.
- These Industries improve their products very fast to meet the growing market demands.
- As their products are highly sophisticated therefore it requires highly skilled labour.
- Professional (White Collar) workers are main work force.
- Robotics on the assembly line, computer-aided design (CAD) and manufacturing, electronic controls of smelting and refining process are notable examples of high-tech industry.
- Neatly spaced, low, modern, dispersed, office-plant-lab buildings rather than massive assembly structures, factories and storage are mark the high-tech industrial landscape.
4.
Explain any five characteristics of „large scale manufacturing‟ in the world.
(2019)
Answer:- Large Scale Industries use heavy machinery
which is driven by power. It has following characteristics:-
- A large variety of raw materials used and is procured from far off places.
- A lot of energy is required to drive heavy machines.
- Large amount of capital is invested in establishing such industries.
- Abundant, cheap and efficient labour is required. In some factories thousands of labourers are employed.
- Better quality goods are produced in large scale industry. Special measures are taken for quality control.
- Management of large scale industries is complex because it is hierarchically divided amongst owners, managers and labours.
- Production specialisation is an important feature of large scale industry. The products are sent to far off distances and even exported.
5.
Differentiate between small scale manufacturing and large scale manufacturing in the world. (2018 & 2019)
Answer:-
| SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES | LARGE SCALE INDUSTRIES |
|---|---|
| Small scale industry is an industrial undertaking in which there is a definite capital investment in its plant and machinery. | Large scale industry encompasses big industrial units whose investment in their plant and machinery is beyond the limit specified by the Government. |
| Labour-intensive industry | Capital intensive industry |
| Small Geographical area covered. | Large geographical area covered. |
| It requires semi-skilled labours. | It requires highly skilled labours. |
| Indigenous technology. | State-of-the-art technology |
| Procured from the local suppliers. | Procured from various suppliers of raw materials are there from within and outside the country. |
| To generate employment opportunities with less investment. | To produce consumer goods and capital goods within the country, to make it self - reliant |
Answer:- Industrial development is essential for economic development. There are some factors which
influence the industrial development, they are:-
- Government policies:-The countries government policies have a very important role in influencing industrial development. When the country's economic policies are very rigid then setting up a new industry will be difficult. When the economic policies are very flexible then the development of industries will be easier. Industrial development is very faster in China compared to India because of the economic policies.
- Labour:-Cheap labour is another main factor for the industries. When there is cheap labour then it will reduce the cost of production. Lower the cost of production then the profit will be high it will make the firm to hire cheap labour.
- Raw materials:-The industry needs raw materials for the production process. The industries mainly locate in such a place that there will be easy access to the raw materials or make sure that there is adequate transportation facility to transport the raw materials.
- Transportation:-The area is highly connected with all forms of transportation. It has an inexpensive water transport network, reinforced by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways. This helps in the easy and cheap movement of raw material to the industries.
7.
“Africa has immense natural resources and yet it is industrially the most backward continent”. Comment.
Answer:- Africa is rich in many natural resources
such as mineral resources (iron ore, diamonds, gold, petroleum), hydroelectric
potential, land resources, forest resources,
and coastal connectivity as well as cheap
sources of unskilled labour; Yet it is the most
industrially backward continent because of other factors such as lack of
skilled labour, capital,
technology, markets, transport
and communication systems,
and aggregation of industries
in Africa that do not favour industrial establishment.
The following are unfavourable things for industries in Africa:
- Lack of transport facilities: Africa is one of the most underdeveloped in terms of modern transport and communication networks. This is the area where road and rail density is minimum.
- Low socio-economic development: Africa is home to some of the world's poorest people and they waste all their energy on procuring basic things like food and clothing. There is less capital formation to set up the industry on its own people.
- Fewer markets for industrial production: Countries in developed regions are also not setting up high industries in Africa because they do not see a market for rich people in Africa nor do they need skilled labour, cheap electricity, and more to reduce the cost of production. Favourable things like a fast transport system are available. All the industries in Africa are mainly related to mining and the exploitation of natural resources.
- Politically unstable: Many countries of the African continent are politically unstable and there is also a lack of unity and trust in African countries.
8.
Write a note on Footloose
Industry. (2019)
Answer:- Footloose industries are those industries that do not
depend on local specific raw materials
and weight-losing raw materials, and these industries can be located in a variety
of locations. Some examples of footloose industries are the diamond
processing industry, pharmaceutical industry, IT industry, handset assembly industry, etc. Although the diamond mines in India are negligible, the
diamond processing industry in India is the largest in the world. Since the diamond processing industry is a footloose
industry, it can be set up anywhere
in the world with cheap sources of skilled labour,
high state-of-the-art technology, and
low cost of operation.
The following are the characteristics of footloose industries:
- Footloose industries are largely dependent on component parts that can be procured anywhere and can be gotten from anywhere.
- These industries require small quantities of raw materials and small labour forces and at the same time, these industries also produce small quantities of the final product.
- Footloose industries are generally not polluting industries.
- Footloose industries are often located near transport lines such as roads, highways, ports, etc.
Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving Questions with Real-Life Situations
and Higher Order Thinking Questions (HOTs)
1. How the cottage industry help in making small workers self-dependent? Explain.
Answer: Small scale manufacturing industries and cottage industries play a very important role in the
economic development of India. If any amount of capital is invested in small scale industries it will
help in reducing unemployment in India and increasing self-employment.
2. Transportation plays an important role in the localization of any industry.” Verify the
statement.
Answer: Transport: Development of any industry is very much depending on good means of
transport. All the production is meant for consumption from the fields and factories, the produces is
brought to the place from where consumers purchase it. With the result all industries are well linked
with roads, railways or seaways main industries are directly linked with rail routes.
3. How are technological innovations an important aspect of modem manufacturing industries?
Explain any three aspects in this regard.
Answer: Technological innovations through research and development strategy are an important
aspect of modem manufacturing,
(i) It is essential for quality control,
(ii) Technological innovations required for eliminating waste and inefficiency,
(iii) In the modern days it is highly essential for combating pollution.
4. Suppose you want to set up an Iron and Steel industry. So, for this which factor will be
important for you, on the basis of which you would like to set up an Iron and Steel industry and
Why give suitable reasons.
Answer:
i. Nearness to raw materials: Large quantities of raw materials are needed for industries.
Therefore, industries are located near the source of raw materials such as Iron ore, coal etc.
ii. Energy Sources: Coal, oil and water power are the main sources of power. So, the industries will be
located around the coal-fields.
iii. Means of transportation. Modern industries need cheap, developed arid quick means of
transportation. Water-transport is the cheapest means of transport.
iv. Labour. Cheap and skilled labour is essential for the location of the industries. Areas of dense
population provide cheap and large labour force. Engineering industries need skilled labour.
v. Government policies. Most of the industries are located with government aid. Government policies
may encourage or discourage the industries in an area. Government may offer cheap land, reduce taxes;
help in providing machinery and transport.
vi. Access to the market: Industries are located near the market for the manufactured goods. Urban
and industrial centres with dense population provide a large market.
5. Write three measures which can be taken in food processing so that people can get healthy
packed food?
Answer: To ensure people receive healthy packed food, food processing can implement the following measures:
Minimize added sugar and salt:
By reducing the amount of added sugar and salt in processed foods, manufacturers can create healthier
options with less impact on consumers' overall sodium and sugar intake.
Utilize minimally processed ingredients:
Prioritizing whole, minimally processed ingredients like fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and
lean protein sources over highly refined ingredients can significantly improve the nutritional value of
packaged food.
Promote nutrient fortification:
Adding essential vitamins and minerals like Vitamin D, iron, and folic acid to processed foods can help
address potential nutrient deficiencies in the population, especially in areas with limited access to
diverse food sources.
6. How ‘Manufacturing’ and ‘Manufacturing Industry’ is different from each other? Substantiate.
Answer: Manufacturing literally means ‘to make by hand’. However, now it includes goods ‘made by
machines’. It is essentially a process which involves transforming raw materials into finished goods of
higher value for sale in local or distant markets. But there are many secondary activities which are not
carried on in factories such as what is now called the ‘entertainment industry’ and Tourism industry, etc.
So, for clarity the longer expression ‘manufacturing industry’ is used.
