Tertiary and Quaternary Activities
Q. Explain retail-trading service.
Answer: This is the business activity concerned with the sale of goods directly to the consumers. Most of the retail trading takes place in fixed establishments or stores solely devoted to selling. It includes small shops, consumer cooperatives, chain stores, departmental stores. Street peddling, handcarts, trucks, door-to-door, mail-order, telephone, automatic vending machines and internet are examples of non-store retail selling.
Q Describe quaternary services.
Answer: Quaternary activities centre around research, development and may be seen as an advanced form of services involving specialised knowledge, technical skills, and administrative competence. The Quaternary Sector along with the Tertiary Sector has replaced all primary and secondary employment as the basis for economic growth.
Q-Name the fastest emerging countries of medical tourism in the world.
Answer: India, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia are the fastest emerging countries of medical tourism in the world.
Question -What is digital divide?
Answer: Opportunities emerging from the Information and Communication Technology based development is unevenly distributed across the globe. There are wide ranging economic, political and social differences among countries. Digital divide is the difference in opportunities available to people at different places arising because of differential availability of information and communication infrastructure.
Q -Define tertiary activity.
Answer: Tertiary activities are related to the service sector. Man power is an important component of service sector as most of the tertiary activities are performed by skilled labour, professionally trained experts and consultants. These services require theoretically knowledge and practical training.
Q -What are periodic markets?
Answer: Periodic markets in rural areas are found where there are no regular markets, and local periodic, markets are organized at different time intervals may be weekly, biweekly etc. These markets are held on specified dates and move from one place to another.
Q-What is the typical characteristic of urban marketing centre?
Answer: Urban marketing centres have widely specialised urban services providing ordinary goods and services to specialized goods as per the demand.
Q. What is digital divide?
Answer: Opportunities emerging from the Information and Communication Technology based development is unevenly distributed across the globe. There are wide ranging economic,political and social differences among countries. Digital divide is the difference in opportunities available to people at different places arising because of differential availability of information and communication infrastructure.
Q. What are the types of tertiary activities?
Answer: The types of tertiary activities are:
• Trade and commerce
• Transport
• Communication
• Services
Q. Define trade.
Answer: Trade is essentially buying and selling of items produced elsewhere. All the services in wholesale and retail trading or commerce sire specifically intended for profit.
Q. What are trading centres?
Answer: The towns and cities where buying and selling of goods take place are known astrading centres.
Question: Give examples of rural marketing centres.
Answer: Examples of rural marketing centres involve mandis, periodic markets, which may be weekly,biweekly, monthly, annually.
Question: What is the typical characteristic of urban marketing centre?
Answer: Urban marketing centres have widely specialised urban services providing ordinary goods and services to specialized goods as per the demand.
Question: What is wholesale trading service?
Answer: Wholesale trading constitutes bulk business through numerous intermediary merchants and supply houses and not through retail stores. Wholesalers often extend credit to retail stores to such an extent that the retailer operates very largely on the
wholesaler’s capital.
Question: Define transport & communication.
Answer: Transport is a service or facility by which people, materials and manufactured goods are physically carried from one location to another. Communication services involve the transmission of words and messages, facts and ideas.
Question: Give examples of informal service sector.
Answer: Some examples of informal service sector are those people helping in domestic services, eg.Housekeepers, cooks, gardeners, etc. On such example of informal service is Mumbai’s dabbawalas.
Question: Which is the world’s single largest tertiary activity?
Answer:Tourism is the world’s single largest tertiary activity in total registered jobs and total revenue.
Question: Give examples of services from Quaternary sector.
Answer:Some examples of services from quaternary sector involves: mutual fund managers, tax consultants, software developers, teachers, hospital and doctor offices, accountants, etc.
Question: Define Quinary activity.
Answer: Quinary activities are services that focus on the creation, rearrangement and interpretation of new and existing ideas; data interpretation and the use and evaluation of new technologies. People involved are referred to as gold collar workers.
Question: Name three types of activities included in service sector.
Answer: The three types of activities are:
• Tertiary activities
• Quaternary activities
• Quinary activities.
Question: What do you mean by isochrone lines?
Answer: Isochrones lines are drawn on map to join places equal in terms of the time taken to reach them.
Answer: Consumer cooperatives: A cooperative business which is owned by its consumers for mutual sharing of benefit, after setting aside money for investment, is known as consumer cooperative. Consumer cooperatives often take form of the retail outlets which are owned and managed by their consumers.
Departmental stores: Departmental stores are large retail establishments which have large collection of variety of goods, all organised under specific department heads. A distinct feature of this kind of retail establishment is the organizing of separate departments, under same roof to facilitate buying, customer service, merchandising and control.
Chain Stores: These are retail stores owned by a single firm and spread over vast geographicalareas across nation or worldwide. Chain stores are usually characterized by similar service and infrastructural environment, involving similar architecture, style and design.
Question -Discuss the significance and growth of the service sector in modern economic development.
Answer: Services occur at many different levels. Some are geared to industry, some to people; and some to both industry and people, e.g. the transport systems. Low-order services, such as grocery, shops and laundries, are more common and widespread than high-order services or more specialized ones like those of accountants, consultants and physicians. Services are provided to individual consumers who can afford to pay for them. For example the gardener, the launderers and the barber do primarily physical labour. Teacher, lawyers, physicians, musicians and others perform mental labour. Service sector is well developed in regions where there is high technological and educational know how. There is an increase in international trade of services. Services once generated can be easily availed by many and provide high monetary value in terms of wages, service charges etc. As a country develops, more and more people shift to tertiary activities and the share of tertiary activities in the GDP is even faster. Service sector provides the most lump sum amount of foreign exchange and income for the country. Therefore service sector is a major contributor in the modern economic development.
Question -Explain in detail the significance of transport and communication services.
Answer: Transport is a service or facility by which persons, manufactured goods, and property are physically carried from one location to another. It is an organised industry created to satisfy man’s basic need of mobility. Modern society requires speedy and efficient transport systems to assist in the production, distribution and consumption of goods. At every stage in this complex system, the value of the material is significantly enhanced by transportation. Transport activities are essential to carry out trade services. Transportation is also essential for defence purpose. It links different parts of country with each other and with other countries as well, which increases national and global linkage. It also links rural areas with urban areas and helps in ushering development even in rural and backward areas. It makes more places suitable for setting up industries and hence helps, in increasing job opportunities.
RURAL AND URBAN MARKETING CENTRES.
2. Write down the characteristics rural marketing centres.
Ans- Following are the characteristics of rural marketing centres-
i. They are quasi urban and cater to local needs and areas.
ii. Most of these have mandis (wholesale markets) and retail markets.
iii. These markets are held on specified dates and shopkeepers move from one place to another.
iv. Here professionals and personal services are not well developed.
v. It provide goods and services demanded by rural folk
3. What are the three different ways to measure transport distance?
Ans- Transport distance can be measured as-
i. Km distance- Km distance is measured as actual distance of route length.ii. Time distance- It is measured by the time taken to travel a particular route.
iii. Cost Distance- It is measured by the cost needed to travel a particular route.
iii. It is an advanced form of services.
iv. It involves specialised knowledge and technical skill.
v. It involves-
d. Collection of information
e. Production of information
f. Dissemination of information
Ans-
i. Outsourcing has resulted in the opening up of a large number of call centres in India, China, Eastern Europe, Israel, Philippines and Costa Rica.ii. It has created new jobs in these countries.
iii. These countries have cheap and skilled workers.
iv. These are out migrating countries.
v. With the work available through outsourcing, the migration in these countries may come down.
| Rural Marketing Centres | Urban Marketing Centres |
|---|---|
| Rural marketing centre provide facility to nearby settlements. | Urban marketing center provide facility to large areas. |
| Rural centres are mostly rudimentary type. | Urban centres offer specialised services. |
| Personal and professional services are not well developed in rural centres. | Personal and professional services are more developed than rural centres. |
| Rural marketing centres acts as a local collecting & distributing centres. Local collecting and distributing centres | Personal and professional services are more developed than rural centres. Urban marketing centres provide services beyond cities at national or international levels. |
- i.
Unskilled workers migrate
from rural to urban areas
in search of employment.
- ii.
They are employed
in domestic services
as housekeepers, cooks, gardeners
- iii.
This segment of workers is generally unorganised.
- iv. One such example in India is Mumbai’s dabbawala service provided to about 1,75,000 customers all over the city.
| It stands for Business Processing Outsourcing | It stands for knowledge processing outsourcing |
|---|---|
| BPO is outsourcing of business activities such as customer care | It is driven knowledge information outsourcing |
| The BPO industry involves relatively less high skilled workers as compare to KPO. | The KPO industry involves more high skilled workers |
| BPO enables companies to reduce cost and increase efficiency. | KPO enables companies to create additional business opportunities. |
| Examples of BPO, include data processing, accounting services call centres and customer support. | Examples of KPOs include research and development (R&D) activities, e-learning, business research, intellectual property (IP), research, legal professional and banking sector. |
- i. Service sector is well developed in regions where there is high technological and educational know how.
- ii. There is an increase in international trade of services.
- iii. Services once generated can be easily availed by many and provide high monetary value in terms of wages, service charges etc.
- iv. As a country develops, more and more people shift to tertiary activities and the share of tertiary activities in the GDP is even faster.
- v. Service sector provides a huge amount of foreign exchange and income for the country. Therefore, service sector is a major contributor in the modern economic development.
- Transport is a
service or facility by which persons, manufactured goods, and property are physically carried from one location
to another.
- It is an organised industry created to satisfy man’s basic need of
mobility.
- Modern society
requires speedy and efficient transport systems to assist in the production, distribution and consumption of goods.
- At every stage in
this complex system, the value of the material is significantly enhanced by transportation.
- Transport activities are essential to
carry out trade services.
- Transportation is also essential for defense purpose.
- It links
different parts of country with each other and with other countries as well,
which increases national and global
linkage. It also links rural areas with urban areas and helps in the development of rural and backward areas.
- It makes more places
suitable for setting up industries and hence helps, in increasing job opportunities.
COMMUNICATION
- Communication services involve the transmission of words and messages, facts and ideas. Human beings have used different methods long-distance communications.
- Even today, the telephone is the most commonly used mode. In developing countries, the use of cell phones, made possible by satellites, is important for rural connectivity.
- These allow large quantities of data to be transmitted rapidly, securely, and are virtually error-free. With the digitization of information in the 1990’s, telecommunication slowly merged with computers to form integrated networks termed as Internet.
- Communication through satellites emerged as a new area in communication technology.
- Cyberspace exists everywhere. It may be in an office, sailing boat, flying plane and virtually anywhere.
- It is these modern communication systems along with transportation that has made the concept of global village a reality.
3.
Justify the tremendous growth of the Service Sector in developed
and developing countries
than the manufacturing sector? Explain
giving suitable examples.
ANS-
- Highly sophisticated machines and technology are available now. Manufacturing sector which can be operated and controlled by a few people, due to which many people earlier employed in the manufacturing sector are seeking jobs in the service sector.
- Most of the manufacturing companies need a large number of people in non direct production sector like clerical, managerial, advertising, sales, legal and financial experts which have a higher income than the people employed in direct production.
- The service sector is growing in importance because
more and more females are seeking employment
in this sector which provides a better working environment and high per capita income than
in the manufacturing sector.
- With growing income, people are demanding more services like medical facilities, entertainment, hospitality industries, travel and tourism, etc. As a result of which the service sector has drastically expanded in all directions. It is a good thing that many people get employment through these industries. For example, if tourism increases, then people in the hospitality industry get employment.
- Growth in Service sector indicates a growth in GDP. Hence, the government makes all efforts to uplift the service sector by providing provident funds, gratuity, pension, etc. to the employees. This also increases the per capita income of the people.
4.
“The profession of quinary
activities is called gold collar profession”. Justify
the statement.
ANS- Person involved in quinary activities is called gold collar workers because of the following reasons-
- The highest
level of decision makers or policy makers performs quinary activities.
- They are often called as gold collar
professionals.
- They are highly
paid and skilled professionals.
- These include business
executives, government officials,
research scientist, financial
and legal consultants.
- Quinary activities
involves-
- Creation, re-arrangement and interpretation of new and existing ideas
- Data interpretation
- Use and
evaluation of new technologies.
- Their importance in the structure of advanced economies far outweighs their numbers.
| Retail trading | Wholesale trading |
|---|---|
| Rural marketing centres are concerned with sale of goods directly to customer | Whole trading is concerned with purchasing goods from manufacturers and selling to retailers |
| Act as intermediaries between wholesaler and customer | Act as intermediaries between retail stores and manufacturers |
| Retailers do not give credit to customers | Wholesalers give credit to retail stores. |
| Buy and sell goods in small quantities | Buy and sell goods in large quantity |
| High pricing | Low pricing |
Short Answer Type Question (3 Marks)
- 1. How are the high living standards and quality of life dependent on efficient transportation, communication and trade? Explain. (CBSE 2015)
- 2. Explain any three characteristics of chain stores. (CBSE 2017)
- 3. Rural Marketing centres cater to nearby settlements. Explain the statement. (CBSE 2022)
- 4. Define consumer cooperatives, Departmental stores and chain stores
- 5. What are the factors that affect transport services?
- 6. Why are most of the services outsourced to Asian countries?
Long Answer Type Question (5 Marks)
- 1. Explain the importance of communication services in the world.
- 2. Define the term trading centre. Differentiate between Retail Trading and Wholesale Trading in the world. (CBSE 2019)
- 3. Services occur at many different levels in the world. Examine the statement. (CBSE 2022)
- 4. What is medical tourism? Explain the scope of medical services for overseas patients in India. (CBSE 2019)
- 5. What is tourism? Analyse any four tourists’ attractions in the world. (Delhi 2016)
